Scientific research is a systemic, empirical and crucial investigation of hypothetical proportions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.

Research is an inquiry into the nature of the reasons for and the consequences of any particular site of circumstances, whether these circumstances are experimentally controlled or record just as they occur.

Steps in Research
1. Define research problem
2. Review of literature
i) Theory and concept
ii) Provisional research findings
3. Selection of research title
4. Formulation of hypothesis
5. Design research, collect data and analyze data by using statistical tools.
6. Interpret report

Criteria for selection of research topic
Among proposed topic high number is given 3, 2 for medium and 1 for low for each topic in following criteria.
1. Political commitment and Social obligation
2. Magnitude of the problem (Community and seriousness)
3. Community demand including social stigma
4. Manageability including feasibility
5. Ethical acceptability.
6. Avoidance of duplication. The highest scored one is selected for research purpose.

Data collection technique
1. Using available information
2. Observation method
3. Interviewing method
4. Administrating written questionnaires
5. Focus group discussion

Focus group is a group discussion of 6-10 persons guided by a facilitator, during which group members talk freely and spontaneously about a certain topics. The purpose of the FGD is to obtain in depth information of concepts, perceptions and ideas of the group. Verbal and non verbal responses are also written up and analyzed.
For effective writing the information should be correct, complete, concise, clear and convincing.

Research proposal writing Components
1. Title: It should be interesting, representative and should include name of Place.
2. Acknowledgements: those who helped.
3. Dedication: Optional, usually to some one you love and from you encouraged.
4. Preface: Written by some one else, to commend the author, the work or the book to the readers.
5. Prologue/ Forward: May be written by author or others to explain why/ how this work came to be done and written up
6. List of abbreviations.

Contents of Proposal/ research writing
1. Executive summary
It should be brief description of whole study including study question, and its importance, methods used to investigate the question, results/ findings, conclusion and recommendations it is the most critical section.
2. Abstract
It is scientific study, usually very short to highlight key point from major sections of article.
3. Introduction.
It is the description of the context with in which the study took place, the situation, reason of the elective topic, logistic arrangement etc to explain purpose of study.
4. Literature review
It is an opportunity of sharing information with reader, identifying documents where more in depth information can be sought and providing background material study.
5. Methodology:
Study design, variable chosen for study, validity and reliability issues, sampling procedures, pre test and findings.

6. Implementation procedures- Work plan
7. Results/ Findings
Result by analyzing these date by using tables/graphs. They should be correctly labeled, clearly understood and stand by itself.
8. Discussion.
It is the column in which your opinion, comparison, specialty, limitations are represent.
9. Conclusion- Final logical part of study.
10. Recommendations
Should be supported by findings. It should be practical and feasible.
11. References.

Steps in development of research proposal
1. Problem statement.
Problem identification, prioritization, analysis, justification.
2. Literature review
3. Formulation of objects: including hypothesis
4. research methodology
Variables, types of study, date collection, sampling technique, tool develop, plan for data, plan for data processing, analysis plan, ethical consideration, pretest of tools.
5. Work plan: time table, personnel.
6. Plan for project administration including dissemination, administration, monitoring, and stakeholders.
7. Budget: Logistics break down category, time.
8. Core team: Main personnel

Budgeting:
A) Personal: persons, sex, duration etc. :- total in NCRs
B) Nonconsumable supplies: Equipments. :- total in NCRs
C) Consumable expendable supplies: stationary, film etc :- total in NCRs
D) Clinical expenses: Drug, investigations etc. :- total in NCRs
E) Field community related costs :- total in NCRs
F) Travel cost within country. :- total in NCRs

Subtotal: ………………
Contingency (5%)………
Grand total……………….

…………………….
Principal Investigator

End!